@article {2020|2142,
	title = {Scalable molecular dynamics on CPU and GPU architectures with NAMD},
	journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics},
	volume = {153},
	year = {2020},
	chapter = {044130},
	abstract = {<p>NAMD is a molecular dynamics program designed for high-performance simulations of very large biological objects on CPU- and GPU-based architectures. NAMD offers scalable performance on petascale parallel supercomputers consisting of hundreds of thousands of cores, as well as on inexpensive commodity clusters commonly found in academic environments. It is written in C++ and leans on Charm++ parallel objects for optimal performance on low-latency architectures. NAMD is a versatile, multipurpose code that gathers state-of-the-art algorithms to carry out simulations in apt thermodynamic ensembles, using the widely popular CHARMM, AMBER, OPLS, and GROMOS biomolecular force fields. Here, we review the main features of NAMD that allow both equilibrium and enhanced-sampling molecular dynamics simulations with numerical efficiency. We describe the underlying concepts utilized by NAMD and their implementation, most notably for handling long-range electrostatics; controlling the temperature, pressure, and pH; applying external potentials on tailored grids; leveraging massively parallel resources in multiple-copy simulations; and hybrid quantum-mechanical/molecular-mechanical descriptions. We detail the variety of options offered by NAMD for enhanced-sampling simulations aimed at determining free-energy differences of either alchemical or geometrical transformations and outline their applicability to specific problems. Last, we discuss the roadmap for the development of NAMD and our current efforts toward achieving optimal performance on GPU-based architectures, for pushing back the limitations that have prevented biologically realistic billion-atom objects to be fruitfully simulated, and for making large-scale simulations less expensive and easier to set up, run, and analyze. NAMD is distributed free of charge with its source code at www.ks.uiuc.edu.</p>
},
	keywords = {NAMD},
	doi = {10.1063/5.0014475},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0014475},
	author = {James Phillips and David Hardy and Julio Maia and John Stone and Joao Ribeiro and Rafael Bernardi and Ronak Buch and Giacomo Fiorin and J{\'e}r{\^o}me H{\'e}nin and Wei Jiang and Ryan McGreevy and Melo, Marcelo Cardoso dos Reis and Brian Radak and Robert Skeel and Abhishek Singharoy and Yi Wang and Benoit Roux and Aleksei Aksimentiev and Zan Luthey-Schulten and Laxmikant Kale and Klaus Schulten and Christophe Chipot and Emad Tajkhorshid}
}
@article {2008|1603,
	title = {Diffusion of glycerol through Escherichia coli aquaglyceroporin GlpF},
	journal = {Biophys. J.},
	volume = {94},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {832{\textendash}839},
	abstract = {The glycerol uptake facilitator, GlpF, a major intrinsic protein found in Escherichia coli, selectively conducts water and glycerol across the inner membrane. The free energy landscape characterizing the assisted transport of glycerol by this homotetrameric aquaglyceroporin has been explored by means of equilibrium molecular dynamics over a timescale spanning 0.12 micros. To overcome the free energy barriers of the conduction pathway, an adaptive biasing force is applied to the glycerol molecule confined in each of the four channels. The results illuminate the critical role played by intramolecular relaxation on the diffusion properties of the permeant. These free energy calculations reveal that glycerol tumbles and isomerizes on a timescale comparable to that spanned by its adaptive-biasing-force-assisted conduction in GlpF. As a result, reorientation and conformational equilibrium of glycerol in GlpF constitute a bottleneck in the molecular simulations of the permeation event. A profile characterizing the position-dependent diffusion of the permeant has been determined, allowing reaction rate theory to be applied for investigating conduction kinetics based on the measured free energy landscape.},
	keywords = {Aquaporins, Chemical, Computer Simulation, Diffusion, Escherichia coli Proteins, Glycerol, Ion Channel Gating, Models, Molecular, Molecular Conformation, Porosity},
	doi = {10.1529/biophysj.107.115105},
	author = {J{\'e}r{\^o}me H{\'e}nin and Emad Tajkhorshid and Klaus Schulten and Christophe Chipot}
}
